Meknes:The Historic City and Its Rich Heritage

 

Introduction

Meknes, or "ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ" in Berber, is one of Morocco's four imperial cities and holds a special place in the hearts of Moroccans as a historical gem. Founded by the Berber tribe of the Meknassa, who inhabited the region since ancient times, the city has a long and distinguished history. Its strategic location between Fes and Rabat has made it an important cultural and political center throughout various periods. Today, Meknes is renowned for its rich history spanning centuries and its many stunning landmarks that attract visitors from around the world. As of the 2014 census, Meknes had a population of approximately 517,000 and covered an area of around 1,786 square kilometers.

1.The Name and Historical Origins

The name Meknes originates from the Berber Meknassa tribe, a branch of the Zenata, one of the major Berber tribes in Morocco. The name likely means "warrior" or "defender" in Berber, reflecting the military nature of the tribe, which played a significant role in defending the region. Historians note that the city was also known as "Meknassa of the Olive Trees," referring to the olive groves that characterize the area. This name reflects the city’s long agricultural history. There are also indications of human settlement in the area before the Islamic era, supporting the theory that Meknes is a city with deep ancient roots.

2. Geography: Location and Terrain

Meknes is located in a region characterized by diverse terrain, ranging from plains to hills, about 130 kilometers east of Rabat, and 60 kilometers west of Fes. It is bordered by the Rif Mountains to the northwest and the Middle Atlas Mountains to the southeast, giving the city a unique geographical identity. Meknes occupies a strategic location at the crossroads of major routes between the north and south, and east and west, which contributed to its development as an urban and commercial hub. The city’s climate is Mediterranean, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. This climate greatly influences agricultural activities in the region, where agriculture remains one of the most important economic sectors. The region enjoys fertile soil, particularly in the nearby Saiss plain, known for producing olives and cereals.

3. The Foundation and Evolution of the City Through the Ages

Meknes’ establishment as an urban center dates back to the era of the Almoravids in the 11th century, when it served as a military base. Later, the city experienced significant development under the Almohads in the 12th century, when they expanded its infrastructure and built many religious structures, such as the Grand Mosque.

During the Marinid dynasty (13th and 14th centuries), Meknes continued to grow and became an important administrative and commercial center. However, the city’s golden age came during the reign of the Alaouite Sultan Moulay Ismail (1672–1727), who made Meknes the capital of his kingdom. Moulay Ismail sought to make it a city that rivaled major European cities, constructing monumental landmarks like Bab Mansour, the Sahrij Swani, and the Mansour Palace, earning the city the nickname "the Versailles of Morocco."

Meknes also played a major role in Morocco’s modern history, particularly during the French colonial period, as one of the cities that witnessed resistance against the colonizers.

4. Society: Cultural and Social Diversity

Meknes is one of the Moroccan cities that combines both traditional and modern aspects, reflecting its social diversity. The city’s population is a mix of various communities that have coexisted throughout its history, including the indigenous Berbers, Arabs, and Jews, who lived in their own neighborhoods known as Mellah. Meknes is known for its rich cultural traditions, such as handicrafts and traditional industries, especially pottery, zellige (mosaic tiles), and wood carving. Religious traditions also play a significant role in the city’s social life, with numerous zawiyas, mosques, and Quranic schools reflecting the city’s deep spiritual character.

The old medina of Meknes, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, retains its traditional atmosphere, seen in the markets and historic palaces. The interaction between different generations ensures that the city maintains its cultural identity while adopting certain aspects of modern life in new districts like Hamria.

5. Architecture of Meknes

Meknes' architecture is a unique blend of Arab, Andalusian, and traditional Moroccan influences. The palaces, madrasas, and massive walls built by Moulay Ismail remain intact and continue to reflect their original grandeur. In addition to Andalusian influences, there are some European touches, especially in the new city areas.

The buildings are often constructed using local materials such as mud brick, zellige, carved wood, and intricate geometric decorations. This blend reflects the rulers’ desire to secure the city and project their political and artistic strength through architectural mastery.

6. Economy: A Mix of Agriculture, Industry, and Tourism

Meknes has a diverse economy, relying on several key sectors. Agriculture plays a large role due to the fertile lands surrounding the city. Meknes is renowned for olive cultivation, and it is one of the largest producers of olive oil in Morocco. The region also grows a wide range of crops, including cereals and fruits.

In addition to agriculture, traditional crafts contribute significantly to the local economy. Handcrafted products, such as pottery and zellige, are central to the city’s identity and attract many visitors who seek traditional Moroccan goods.

The tourism sector is also a vital part of Meknes' economy, drawing thousands of visitors annually to explore its historical and cultural landmarks. Hotels, restaurants, and gift shops form part of a thriving tourism infrastructure.

Meknes has also seen growth in modern industries, with industrial zones producing goods in sectors such as food processing, textiles, and metals. This economic diversity supports the city’s stability and increases employment opportunities.

7. Tourism: Historical and Cultural Attractions

Meknes is one of Morocco’s most attractive tourist destinations, thanks to its unique blend of history, architecture, and natural surroundings. Key tourist attractions include:

• Bab Mansour: باب المنصور One of the largest and most beautiful gates in Morocco. Built during the reign of Moulay Ismail, this gate served as the main entrance to the city and is now a symbol of Meknes' historical legacy. It features a unique artistic design that combines Arab and Andalusian decorations, with stones and mosaics adding a special touch of beauty.

  

  Moulay Ismail Mausoleum

• Moulay Ismail Mausoleum: ضريح مولاي إسماعيل This mausoleum is one of Meknes’ sacred sites, housing the tomb of the sultan who is considered the founder of modern Meknes. The mausoleum is open to visitors from all over the world, reflecting the city’s imperial history.

• Sahrij Swani: صهريج السواني A water reservoir used for storing water to irrigate royal gardens and supply the palace. It reflects the sophisticated engineering techniques of the time.

• Dar Jamai Museum: متحف دار الجامعي Housed in a former palace, this museum showcases Moroccan arts and crafts, including ceramics, jewelry, and textiles.
• Royal Stables (Heri es-Souani): هري السواني These massive granaries and stables were built to hold grain and horses for Moulay Ismail’s army.

• Bou Inania Madrasa: المدرسة البوعنانية Located in the heart of the city, this madrasa is an architectural masterpiece from the Marinid era. It was a center for religious and intellectual education and features intricate wooden carvings and traditional Moroccan zellige.

• Moulay Ismail's Palace: القصر الملكي The imperial palace served as the seat of power during Moulay Ismail's reign, showcasing the luxury and grandeur of this period. The palace contains large courtyards, multiple wings, and several fortifications.

• Meknes Medina: المدينة القديمة The old town of Meknes, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is a labyrinth of narrow streets filled with souks, mosques, and historical buildings.

• Place Lalla Aouda: ساحة للا عودة A quieter square compared to El Hedim, surrounded by historic architecture and offering a glimpse into local life.

Meknes’ proximity to the Roman ruins of Volubilis enhances its tourism appeal, as these ancient Roman remains are unique historical treasures.

8. Popular Local Dishes and Culinary Traditions

Meknes has a rich culinary tradition, influenced by its agricultural surroundings and imperial past. Some of the most popular local dishes include:

• Tajine: A slow-cooked stew made with meat (typically lamb or chicken), vegetables, and a variety of spices. Tajines are often served with dried fruits and nuts for added flavor.
• Couscous: A staple dish made from steamed semolina grains, traditionally served on Fridays with meat and vegetables.
• Pastilla: A savory and sweet pastry, often filled with pigeon or chicken, almonds, and cinnamon, encased in thin layers of dough.
• Harira: A traditional soup made from tomatoes, lentils, chickpeas, and spices, often served during Ramadan.
• Kefta: Spiced ground meat, typically lamb or beef, grilled or cooked in a sauce.

Street food is also popular in Meknes, with Msemen (a type of flatbread) and Chebakia (a sweet sesame cookie) being common treats.

9. Recommended Accommodation

Meknes has a range of accommodation options, from luxurious riads to budget-friendly hotels. Here are 10 places to consider, categorized by price range:

1. Riad Yacout (Luxury)
   • Price: €80+/night
   • Service: Beautiful traditional riad with a pool, located near the medina, offering a rooftop terrace and Moroccan decor.
2. Riad D’Or (Luxury)
   • Price: €70+/night
   • Service: An opulent riad with historic charm, featuring intricately designed rooms and a central courtyard.
3. Hotel Zaki (Mid-range)
   • Price: €60/night
   • Service: Modern hotel with a pool, located outside the medina, offering comfortable rooms and an on-site restaurant.
4. Riad La Maison d'à Côté (Mid-range)
   • Price: €55/night
   • Service: A cozy riad offering a personalized stay, with a charming interior and traditional Moroccan hospitality.
5. Riad El Ma (Mid-range)
   • Price: €50/night
   • Service: Family-friendly riad with traditional architecture, offering a relaxing atmosphere and a rooftop terrace.
6. Hotel Transatlantique (Mid-range)
   • Price: €50/night
   • Service: A comfortable hotel with a vintage feel, offering spacious rooms and panoramic views of the old city.
7. Hotel Belle Vue (Budget)
   • Price: €30/night
   • Service: Centrally located, offering basic amenities with clean and comfortable rooms for budget-conscious travelers.
8. Hotel Swani (Budget)
   • Price: €25/night
   • Service: Budget hotel offering modern rooms with all the essentials for a short stay.
9. Dar Meknes Tresor (Budget)
   • Price: €20/night
   • Service: A friendly guesthouse located in the medina, offering affordable rooms with traditional decor.
10. Ibis Meknes (Budget)
    • Price: €40/night
    • Service: International hotel chain offering simple, clean rooms with modern amenities.

10. Top 10 Dining Options in Meknes

1. Zahra Restaurant (Budget - Traditional Moroccan) - Zaytoun District

   • Price: €5-10
   • Features: Known for tagines and traditional Moroccan couscous, offering affordable meals.

2. Qallada Al Hamama (Mid-range - Moroccan/European) - Zaytoun District

   • Price: €15-20
   • Features: Offers a variety of Moroccan and European dishes.

3. Riad Yaqout Restaurant (Luxury - Traditional Moroccan) - Old Medina

   • Price: €30-50
   • Features: A luxury restaurant serving refined Moroccan dishes in a traditional riad setting.

4. Meknassi Fast Food (Budget - Moroccan) - Zaytoun District

   • Price: €3-7
   • Features: Offers traditional Moroccan fast food such as sandwiches and shawarma.

5. Food Lounge (Mid-range - International) - Zaytoun District

   • Price: €15-25
   • Features: Offers a mix of international dishes in a modern setting.

6. Tafilalet Restaurant (Luxury - Moroccan/French) - Zaytoun District

   • Price: €40-60
   • Features: Serves a blend of refined French and Moroccan cuisine.

7. Taza Restaurant (Budget - Moroccan) - Zaytoun District

   • Price: €5-10
   • Features: Known for kefta and grilled meat dishes.

8. Traveler's Café (Budget - Moroccan) - Zaytoun District

   • Price: €3-5
   • Features: A local café offering traditional drinks and pastries.

9. Riad Al Afia Restaurant (Mid-range - Moroccan) - Old Medina

   • Price: €15-25
   • Features: A cozy riad offering traditional tagines and couscous.

10. Borj Moulay Ismail Restaurant (Luxury - Moroccan) - Old Medina

    • Price: €30-50
    • Features: Serves refined Moroccan dishes in a historic tower with panoramic views of the city.

Conclusion

Meknes is a city that combines strategic geography, ancient history, and social diversity. It has evolved through the ages to become a thriving economic and tourist center while preserving its historical and cultural identity. Today, Meknes stands as a symbol of Morocco’s rich heritage, where past and present meet, making it a unique destination for discovering the beauty and history of Morocco.

References:

1. UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2. Visit Morocco Official Website
3. Lonely Planet Meknes Guide
4. TripAdvisor - Best Restaurants in Meknes